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Categorizations of American and European far-right terrorism and violence

Categorizaciones del terrorismo y la violencia de la extrema derecha estadounidense y europea

dc.creatorOrtiz-Arellano, Edgar
dc.date2023-12-30
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-18T16:53:53Z
dc.date.available2025-03-18T16:53:53Z
dc.identifierhttps://esdegrevistas.edu.co/index.php/resd/article/view/4655
dc.identifier10.25062/1900-8325.4655
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14205/11538
dc.descriptionTerrorism afflicts global society due to the violence and damage it causes to populations, as well as to the stability of governments. Starting in the 21st century, far-right groups and individuals opted for violence and terrorist activity as an operational strategy, hence the objective of this article was the analysis of terrorism in its current form, with special emphasis on its relationship with the extreme right movements that emerged in the United States of America and Europe. Based on specialized literature and quantitative data, it was concluded that terrorist events have decreased in general, however, violent incidents by the radicalized extreme right are increasing consistently.en-US
dc.descriptionEl terrorismo aqueja a la sociedad global por la violencia y daños que provoca en las poblaciones, así como a la estabilidad de los gobiernos. A partir del siglo XXI, grupos e individuos de extrema derecha optaron por la vía violenta y la actividad terrorista como estrategia de operación, de ahí que el objetivo de este artículo fue el análisis del terrorismo en su forma actual, con especial énfasis en su relación con los movimientos de extrema derecha surgidos en los Estados Unidos de América y Europa. Con base en la literatura especializada y de los datos cuantitativos se llegó a la conclusión de que los hechos terroristas han disminuido en general, sin embargo, los incidentes violentos por parte de la extrema derecha radicalizada van en aumento de manera consistente.es-ES
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/html
dc.formattext/xml
dc.languagespa
dc.publisherSello Editorial ESDEGes-ES
dc.relationhttps://esdegrevistas.edu.co/index.php/resd/article/view/4655/5122
dc.relationhttps://esdegrevistas.edu.co/index.php/resd/article/view/4655/5196
dc.relationhttps://esdegrevistas.edu.co/index.php/resd/article/view/4655/5202
dc.relation/*ref*/Auger, V. (2020). Right-Wing terror: A fifth global wave? Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3): 87-97. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2020/issue-3/auger.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Baele, S., Brace, L. y Coan, T. (2021). Variations on a theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and other chans’. Far-Right “/pol” boards. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(1): 65-80. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-1/baele-et-al.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Bury, P. (2022). Post-Fordism and the transformation of transatlantic counter-terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 1-25. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2025020
dc.relation/*ref*/Byman, D. (2021). White supremacy, terrorism, and the failure of reconstruction in the United States. International Security 46(1): 53-103. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00410
dc.relation/*ref*/Coccia, M. (2018). The relation between terrorism and high population growth. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 5(1): 84-104. https://www.academia.edu/65071830/The_Relation_between_Terrorism_and_High_Population_Growth
dc.relation/*ref*/Collins, J. (2021). A new wave of terrorism? A comparative analysis of the rise of far-right terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(6): 2-21. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-6/collins.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Couto G., Pimentel, P. Rojas, C. y Castanho R. (2021). The impact of terrorism on capital markets. WSEAS. Transactions on Business and Economics, 18: 962-968. DOI: 10.37394/23207.2021.18.91
dc.relation/*ref*/Doering S. y Garth, D. (2021). The contextual nature of right-wing terrorism across nations. Terrorism and Political Violence, (33)5: 1071-1093. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1598390
dc.relation/*ref*/Dubuisson, F. (2017). La définition du “terrorismo”: débats, enjeux et fonctions dans le discours juridique. Confluences Méditerranée, (102): 29-45. https://doi.org/10.3917/come.102.0029
dc.relation/*ref*/El Masri, M. y Phillips, B. (2021). Threat perception, policy diffusion, and the logic of terrorist group designation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2011711
dc.relation/*ref*/ELDoh, M. (2020). Covid-19 and the increasing risk of terrorism. Global Security Review. https://globalsecurityreview.com/covid-19-and-the-increasing-risk-of-terrorism/
dc.relation/*ref*/Elliot, B. (2022). Examples of trinitarian forces and structures in the terrorist threat: Applications for terrorist warning. Small Wars Journal: 1-8. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/examples-trinitarian-forces-and-structures-terrorist-threat-applications-terrorist-warning
dc.relation/*ref*/European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2018). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018. The Hague: Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018_1.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Greitens, S., Lee, M. y Yazici E. (2020). Counterterrorism and preventive repression: China's changing strategy in Xinjiang. International Security, 44(3): 9-47. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00368
dc.relation/*ref*/Grinyer, J. y Pazos, P. (2020). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/european_union_terrorism_situation_and_trend_report_te-sat_2020_0.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Grizold, A. (1994). The concept of National Security in the contemporary world. International Journal on World Peace, XI(3): 37-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20751984
dc.relation/*ref*/Held, V. (2004). Terrorism and war. The Journal of Ethics, (8): 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOET.0000012252.68332.ff
dc.relation/*ref*/Immordino, G., Karakoç, G. y Piccolo, S. (2018). Terrorism, counterterrorism and optimal striking rules. Revue Économique, 69: 961-984. https://doi.org/10.3917/reco.696.0961
dc.relation/*ref*/Institute for Economics & Peace. (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020. Briefing Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GTI-2020-Briefing.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Institute for Economics & Peace. (2022). Global Terrorism Index 2022: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-09062022.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jensen, M., Kane, S. y Akers, E. (2022a). Extremism in the Ranks and After. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/Extremism%20In%20the%20Ranks%20and%20After%20-%20Research%20Brief%20-%20July%202022%20Final.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jensen, M., Yates, E. y Kane, S. (2022b). Proud Boys Crimes and Characteristics. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/Proud%20Boy%20Crimes%20and%20Characteristics%20January%202022%20FINAL.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jones, S., Doxsee, C. y Harrington, N. (2020). The Right-Wing Terrorism Threat in Europe. Washington, D.C. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/right-wing-terrorism-threat-europe
dc.relation/*ref*/Karčić, H. y Beutel, A. (2022). Far-Right nativism: Its geopolitical effects and its future in North America and Europe. Washington, D.C.: New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy. https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20220106-Nativism-Briefingx-NLISAP-1.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Kirisci, M. (2019). Militarized law enforcement forces, state capacity and terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1): 93-112. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1668376
dc.relation/*ref*/Klein, G. (2021). Refugees, perceived threat & domestic terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 1-32. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.1995940
dc.relation/*ref*/Koch, A. (2022). The ONA network and the transnationalization of Neo-Nazi-Satanism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2024944
dc.relation/*ref*/Koehler, D. (2019). Violence and Terrorism from the Far-Right: Policy Options to Counter an Elusive Threat. ICCT Policy Brief: 1-21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19617
dc.relation/*ref*/Kunst, J., Obaidi, M., Coenen, A., Vasseljen, D. y Gill, P. (2021). What makes a terrorist? Muslims’ and non-muslims’ lay perceptions of risk factors and their consequences for counter-terrorism policy support. Terrorism and Political Violence: 1-24. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2021.1967149
dc.relation/*ref*/Latif, M., Blee, K. Matthew DeMichele, M. y Pete Simi, P (2023) Do white supremacist women adopt movement archetypes of mother, whore, and fighter? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(4): 415-432: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759264
dc.relation/*ref*/MacDonald, K. (2004). Can the Jewish Model Help the West Survive? Discurso de aceptación del The 2004 Jack London Literary Prize. https://web.archive.org/web/20070224212645/http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/WestSurvive.htm
dc.relation/*ref*/Manwaring, M. (2021). The strategic realities of Twenty-First century “small wars”. Small Wars Journal: 1-7. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/strategic-realities-twenty-first-century-small-wars-opinion-essay
dc.relation/*ref*/Mearsheimer, J. (2019). Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the liberal international order. International Security, 43(4): 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2018). Global Terrorism in 2017. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_Overview2017_July2018.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2019). Global Terrorism in 2018. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/START_GTD_TerrorismIn2018_Oct2018.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2020). Global Terrorism Overview: Terrorism in 2019. Background Report. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_GlobalTerrorismOverview2019_July2020.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Mir, A. (2018). What explains counterterrorism effectiveness? Evidence from the U.S. Drone war in Pakistan. International Security, 43(2): 45-83. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00331
dc.relation/*ref*/Mudde, C. (2010) The populist radical right: A pathological normalcy. West European Politics 33(6): 1167-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
dc.relation/*ref*/Parrott, B. (2022). Lessons of the Cold War: Getting it wrong. Journal of Cold War Studies, 24(1): 219-249. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01060
dc.relation/*ref*/Pauwels, A. (2021). Contemporary manifestations of violent right-wing extremism in the EU: An overview of P/CVE practices. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ran_adhoc_cont_manif_vrwe_eu_overv_pcve_pract_2021_en.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Phelps, M. (2021). The role of the private sector in counter-terrorism: a scoping review of the literature on emergency responses to terrorism. Security Journal, 34(4): 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00250-6
dc.relation/*ref*/Phillips, B. (2021). How did 9/11 affect terrorism research? Examining articles and authors, 1970–2019. Terrorism and Political Violence: 1-24. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2021.1935889
dc.relation/*ref*/Puar, J. (2017). Ensamblajes Terroristas. El homonacionalismo en tiempos queer. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellatierra.
dc.relation/*ref*/Rapoport, D. (2004). The four waves of modern terrorism. En Cronin A. y Ludes, J. (eds). Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press, pp. 46-73. https://www.international.ucla.edu/apc/article/47153
dc.relation/*ref*/Rapoport, D. (2021). The Capitol attack and the 5th terrorism wave. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(5): 912-916. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1932338
dc.relation/*ref*/Richards, I. (2019). A philosophical and historical analysis of “Generation Identity”: Fascism, online media, and the European new right. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1): 28-47. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1662403
dc.relation/*ref*/Skaik H. (2018). Terrorism, orientation and substantial directions Islamic terrorism in the Syrian context. (Master´s Thesis, MA in Ethnic and Migration Linköping University - Department of Social and Welfare Studies). https://www.academia.edu/63407970/Terrorism_Orientation_and_Substantial_Directions
dc.relation/*ref*/Tillett, J. (2021). Understanding lone-actor terrorists: The global context and how it can be applied to New Zealand. National Security Journal, 3(3): 1-29. DOI: 10.36878/nsj20210829.01
dc.relation/*ref*/Tillman, D. (2021). Redefining terrorism in the 21st century. Small Wars Journal:1-6. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/redefining-terrorism-21st-century
dc.relation/*ref*/United Nations. (2020). UNCCT Annual Report 2020. New York: United Nations. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/uncct_annual_report_2020.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Vasiliauskienė, V. y Vasiliauskas, M. (2020). Definition of terrorism and EU counter-terrorism policy. Border Security and Management, 3(8): 88-99. https://doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362
dc.relation/*ref*/Velias, A. y Corr, J. (2017). Effects of terrorism threat on economic preferences: The role of personality. Journal of Terrorism Research, 8(2): 62-72. https://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.130
dc.relation/*ref*/Wieviorka, M., Álvarez-Benavides, A. y Toscano, E. (2021). La sociología del sujeto y el estudio de las nuevas extremas derechas. Encrucijadas: Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales, 21(2): 1-17. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/encrucijadas/article/view/92658
dc.relation/*ref*/Auger, V. (2020). Right-Wing terror: A fifth global wave? Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3): 87-97. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2020/issue-3/auger.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Baele, S., Brace, L. y Coan, T. (2021). Variations on a theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and other chans’. Far-Right “/pol” boards. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(1): 65-80. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-1/baele-et-al.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Bury, P. (2022). Post-Fordism and the transformation of transatlantic counter-terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 1-25. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2025020
dc.relation/*ref*/Byman, D. (2021). White supremacy, terrorism, and the failure of reconstruction in the United States. International Security 46(1): 53-103. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00410
dc.relation/*ref*/Coccia, M. (2018). The relation between terrorism and high population growth. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 5(1): 84-104. https://www.academia.edu/65071830/The_Relation_between_Terrorism_and_High_Population_Growth
dc.relation/*ref*/Collins, J. (2021). A new wave of terrorism? A comparative analysis of the rise of far-right terrorism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(6): 2-21. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-6/collins.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Couto G., Pimentel, P. Rojas, C. y Castanho R. (2021). The impact of terrorism on capital markets. WSEAS. Transactions on Business and Economics, 18: 962-968. DOI: 10.37394/23207.2021.18.91
dc.relation/*ref*/Doering S. y Garth, D. (2021). The contextual nature of right-wing terrorism across nations. Terrorism and Political Violence, (33)5: 1071-1093. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1598390
dc.relation/*ref*/Dubuisson, F. (2017). La définition du “terrorismo”: débats, enjeux et fonctions dans le discours juridique. Confluences Méditerranée, (102): 29-45. https://doi.org/10.3917/come.102.0029
dc.relation/*ref*/El Masri, M. y Phillips, B. (2021). Threat perception, policy diffusion, and the logic of terrorist group designation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2011711
dc.relation/*ref*/ELDoh, M. (2020). Covid-19 and the increasing risk of terrorism. Global Security Review. https://globalsecurityreview.com/covid-19-and-the-increasing-risk-of-terrorism/
dc.relation/*ref*/Elliot, B. (2022). Examples of trinitarian forces and structures in the terrorist threat: Applications for terrorist warning. Small Wars Journal: 1-8. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/examples-trinitarian-forces-and-structures-terrorist-threat-applications-terrorist-warning
dc.relation/*ref*/European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2018). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018. The Hague: Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2018_1.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Greitens, S., Lee, M. y Yazici E. (2020). Counterterrorism and preventive repression: China's changing strategy in Xinjiang. International Security, 44(3): 9-47. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00368
dc.relation/*ref*/Grinyer, J. y Pazos, P. (2020). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/european_union_terrorism_situation_and_trend_report_te-sat_2020_0.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Grizold, A. (1994). The concept of National Security in the contemporary world. International Journal on World Peace, XI(3): 37-53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20751984
dc.relation/*ref*/Held, V. (2004). Terrorism and war. The Journal of Ethics, (8): 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOET.0000012252.68332.ff
dc.relation/*ref*/Immordino, G., Karakoç, G. y Piccolo, S. (2018). Terrorism, counterterrorism and optimal striking rules. Revue Économique, 69: 961-984. https://doi.org/10.3917/reco.696.0961
dc.relation/*ref*/Institute for Economics & Peace. (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020. Briefing Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GTI-2020-Briefing.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Institute for Economics & Peace. (2022). Global Terrorism Index 2022: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-09062022.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jensen, M., Kane, S. y Akers, E. (2022a). Extremism in the Ranks and After. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/Extremism%20In%20the%20Ranks%20and%20After%20-%20Research%20Brief%20-%20July%202022%20Final.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jensen, M., Yates, E. y Kane, S. (2022b). Proud Boys Crimes and Characteristics. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/Proud%20Boy%20Crimes%20and%20Characteristics%20January%202022%20FINAL.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Jones, S., Doxsee, C. y Harrington, N. (2020). The Right-Wing Terrorism Threat in Europe. Washington, D.C. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/right-wing-terrorism-threat-europe
dc.relation/*ref*/Karčić, H. y Beutel, A. (2022). Far-Right nativism: Its geopolitical effects and its future in North America and Europe. Washington, D.C.: New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy. https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20220106-Nativism-Briefingx-NLISAP-1.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Kirisci, M. (2019). Militarized law enforcement forces, state capacity and terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1): 93-112. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1668376
dc.relation/*ref*/Klein, G. (2021). Refugees, perceived threat & domestic terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 1-32. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.1995940
dc.relation/*ref*/Koch, A. (2022). The ONA network and the transnationalization of Neo-Nazi-Satanism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2021.2024944
dc.relation/*ref*/Koehler, D. (2019). Violence and Terrorism from the Far-Right: Policy Options to Counter an Elusive Threat. ICCT Policy Brief: 1-21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19617
dc.relation/*ref*/Kunst, J., Obaidi, M., Coenen, A., Vasseljen, D. y Gill, P. (2021). What makes a terrorist? Muslims’ and non-muslims’ lay perceptions of risk factors and their consequences for counter-terrorism policy support. Terrorism and Political Violence: 1-24. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2021.1967149
dc.relation/*ref*/Latif, M., Blee, K. Matthew DeMichele, M. y Pete Simi, P (2023) Do white supremacist women adopt movement archetypes of mother, whore, and fighter? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(4): 415-432: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759264
dc.relation/*ref*/MacDonald, K. (2004). Can the Jewish Model Help the West Survive? Discurso de aceptación del The 2004 Jack London Literary Prize. https://web.archive.org/web/20070224212645/http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/WestSurvive.htm
dc.relation/*ref*/Manwaring, M. (2021). The strategic realities of Twenty-First century “small wars”. Small Wars Journal: 1-7. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/strategic-realities-twenty-first-century-small-wars-opinion-essay
dc.relation/*ref*/Mearsheimer, J. (2019). Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the liberal international order. International Security, 43(4): 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2018). Global Terrorism in 2017. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_Overview2017_July2018.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2019). Global Terrorism in 2018. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/START_GTD_TerrorismIn2018_Oct2018.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Miller, E. (2020). Global Terrorism Overview: Terrorism in 2019. Background Report. College Park, MD: START. https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_GTD_GlobalTerrorismOverview2019_July2020.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Mir, A. (2018). What explains counterterrorism effectiveness? Evidence from the U.S. Drone war in Pakistan. International Security, 43(2): 45-83. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00331
dc.relation/*ref*/Mudde, C. (2010) The populist radical right: A pathological normalcy. West European Politics 33(6): 1167-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
dc.relation/*ref*/Parrott, B. (2022). Lessons of the Cold War: Getting it wrong. Journal of Cold War Studies, 24(1): 219-249. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01060
dc.relation/*ref*/Pauwels, A. (2021). Contemporary manifestations of violent right-wing extremism in the EU: An overview of P/CVE practices. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ran_adhoc_cont_manif_vrwe_eu_overv_pcve_pract_2021_en.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Phelps, M. (2021). The role of the private sector in counter-terrorism: a scoping review of the literature on emergency responses to terrorism. Security Journal, 34(4): 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00250-6
dc.relation/*ref*/Phillips, B. (2021). How did 9/11 affect terrorism research? Examining articles and authors, 1970–2019. Terrorism and Political Violence: 1-24. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2021.1935889
dc.relation/*ref*/Puar, J. (2017). Ensamblajes Terroristas. El homonacionalismo en tiempos queer. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellatierra.
dc.relation/*ref*/Rapoport, D. (2004). The four waves of modern terrorism. En Cronin A. y Ludes, J. (eds). Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press, pp. 46-73. https://www.international.ucla.edu/apc/article/47153
dc.relation/*ref*/Rapoport, D. (2021). The Capitol attack and the 5th terrorism wave. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(5): 912-916. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1932338
dc.relation/*ref*/Richards, I. (2019). A philosophical and historical analysis of “Generation Identity”: Fascism, online media, and the European new right. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1): 28-47. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2019.1662403
dc.relation/*ref*/Skaik H. (2018). Terrorism, orientation and substantial directions Islamic terrorism in the Syrian context. (Master´s Thesis, MA in Ethnic and Migration Linköping University - Department of Social and Welfare Studies). https://www.academia.edu/63407970/Terrorism_Orientation_and_Substantial_Directions
dc.relation/*ref*/Tillett, J. (2021). Understanding lone-actor terrorists: The global context and how it can be applied to New Zealand. National Security Journal, 3(3): 1-29. DOI: 10.36878/nsj20210829.01
dc.relation/*ref*/Tillman, D. (2021). Redefining terrorism in the 21st century. Small Wars Journal:1-6. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/redefining-terrorism-21st-century
dc.relation/*ref*/United Nations. (2020). UNCCT Annual Report 2020. New York: United Nations. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/uncct_annual_report_2020.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/Vasiliauskienė, V. y Vasiliauskas, M. (2020). Definition of terrorism and EU counter-terrorism policy. Border Security and Management, 3(8): 88-99. https://doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362
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dc.relation/*ref*/Wieviorka, M., Álvarez-Benavides, A. y Toscano, E. (2021). La sociología del sujeto y el estudio de las nuevas extremas derechas. Encrucijadas: Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales, 21(2): 1-17. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/encrucijadas/article/view/92658
dc.rightsDerechos de autor 2023 Estudios en Seguridad y Defensaes-ES
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0es-ES
dc.sourceRevista Estudios en Seguridad y Defensa; Vol. 18 No. 36 (2023): New threats to global security; 141-160en-US
dc.sourceEstudios en Seguridad y Defensa; Vol. 18 Núm. 36 (2023): Nuevas amenazas a la seguridad global; 141-160es-ES
dc.source2744-8932
dc.source1900-8325
dc.subjectEstado-naciónes-ES
dc.subjectextrema derechaes-ES
dc.subjectradicalizaciónes-ES
dc.subjectseguridades-ES
dc.subjectterrorismoes-ES
dc.subjectviolenciaes-ES
dc.subjectextreme righten-US
dc.subjectNation stateen-US
dc.subjectradicalizationen-US
dc.subjectsecurityen-US
dc.subjectterrorismen-US
dc.subjectviolenceen-US
dc.titleCategorizations of American and European far-right terrorism and violenceen-US
dc.titleCategorizaciones del terrorismo y la violencia de la extrema derecha estadounidense y europeaes-ES
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion


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